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自发突变（Foxn1nu，以前为 Hfh11nu）的纯合裸鼠有两个主要缺陷：毛发生长异常和胸腺上皮发育缺陷。虽然这些小鼠看起来没有毛发，但是其出生时毛囊是有功能的，只是存在缺陷而已。小鼠毛发的生长周期和模式比较明显，尤其是颜色较深的小鼠，而毛囊缺陷会导致毛发无法长出。由于纯合幼鼠没有胡须或胡须发育不良、卷曲，因此在出生 24 小时即可鉴定。裸鼠又称无胸腺小鼠，原因是胸腺系统发育不全。因此，纯合裸鼠缺乏 T 细胞并缺少细胞免疫。不过，T 细胞前体并无缺陷，所以在合适的条件下，可以观察到一些功能成熟的 T 细胞，尤其是在成年小鼠中。由于辅助性 T 细胞的活性缺陷，对胸腺依赖性抗原的应答在可检出时主要受限于 IgM。纯合裸鼠的 B 细胞发育表现出部分缺陷，原因很可能是缺乏功能性 T 细胞。其他内分泌和神经功能缺陷也有报道。使用裸鼠显著减少了研究项目所需的胸腺切除术数量。纯合雌性裸鼠繁育能力不佳。其排卵开始时间较晚（2.5 月龄），结束时间较早（4 月龄）。
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